Most illnesses are a combination of symptoms. We should look at the symptoms one at a time
My heading above is a simplified version of the heading below. And I agree in principle with the propositon it expressees. And the conclusion they draw from their survey data supports that proposition.
But it doesn't! The correlations they report are abysmally low so the findings actually DISPROVE what they set out to show
And that happens all the time in medical research. I have documented it many times. What amazes me is that such crazy studies regularly get reported in top medical journals, as they did below. I am glad that I have lived to 80 so that I can continue to point such follies out -- as there is clearly an acute shorage of sanity about the matters concerned.
The sad thing is that Google has search-blocked me so that my critical comments will only ever become known to regular readers of this blog. A Google search of the subject will not disclose these comments. Criticism is essential to science but Google don't seem to care about that
UPDATE: Google appears to have lifted the search block on this blog. Things I write here will now appear in response to a searches for information on topics I have written about here. So my comments above should appear soon in searches
Polygenic Scores and Networks of Psychopathology Symptoms
Giulia G Piazza et al.
Abstract
Importance
Studies on polygenic risk for psychiatric traits commonly use a disorder-level approach to phenotyping, implicitly considering disorders as homogeneous constructs; however, symptom heterogeneity is ubiquitous, with many possible combinations of symptoms falling under the same disorder umbrella. Focusing on individual symptoms may shed light on the role of polygenic risk in psychopathology.
Objective
To determine whether polygenic scores are associated with all symptoms of psychiatric disorders or with a subset of indicators and whether polygenic scores are associated with comorbid phenotypes via specific sets of relevant symptoms.
Design, Setting, and Participants
Data from 2 population-based cohort studies were used in this cross-sectional study. Data from children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were included in the primary analysis, and data from children in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) were included in confirmatory analyses. Data analysis was conducted from October 2021 to January 2024. Pregnant women based in the Southwest of England due to deliver in 1991 to 1992 were recruited in ALSPAC. Twins born in 1994 to 1996 were recruited in TEDS from population-based records. Participants with available genetic data and whose mothers completed the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire when children were 11 years of age were included.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Psychopathology relevant symptoms, such as hyperactivity, prosociality, depression, anxiety, and peer and conduct problems at age 11 years. Psychological networks were constructed including individual symptoms and polygenic scores for depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), body mass index (BMI), and educational attainment in ALSPAC. Following a preregistered confirmatory analysis, network models were cross-validated in TEDS. Results Included were 5521 participants from ALSPAC (mean [SD] age, 11.8 [0.14] years; 2777 [50.3%] female) and 4625 participants from TEDS (mean [SD] age, 11.27 [0.69] years; 2460 [53.2%] female). Polygenic scores were preferentially associated with restricted subsets of core symptoms and indirectly associated with other, more distal symptoms of psychopathology (network edges ranged between r = −0.074 and r = 0.073). Psychiatric polygenic scores were associated with specific cross-disorder symptoms, and nonpsychiatric polygenic scores were associated with a variety of indicators across disorders, suggesting a potential contribution of nonpsychiatric traits to comorbidity. For example, the polygenic score for ADHD was associated with a core ADHD symptom, being easily distracted ( r = 0.07), and the polygenic score for BMI was associated with symptoms across disorders, including being bullied ( r = 0.053) and not thinking things out ( r = 0.041).
Conclusions and Relevance
Genetic associations observed at the disorder level may hide symptom-level heterogeneity. A symptom-level approach may enable a better understanding of the role of polygenic risk in shaping psychopathology and comorbidity.
June 2024 JAMA Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1403
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Women have been sold a lie, you can't have it all
Women can't 'have it all' despite being 'given the idea' that they can work and have their independence while raising children, Paloma Faith has declared.
The British singing sensation, 42, split from husband Leyman Lahcine after 10 years in 2022 and has been struggling to balance co-parenting their two daughters, aged seven and three, with her music career.
She told Radio Times: 'I feel a bit disgruntled about society's expectation on women, because we were given this idea that you could work and have your own money and independence while raising children.
'What we've ended up with is far too much responsibility, and I think a lot of women are burning out.'
Indeed, Paloma is not the only woman feeling this way; speaking to FEMAIL, other modern mothers have opened up about their own experiences, echoing how it's 'impossible for one woman to do everything'.
Juggling motherhood while trying to claw back onto the career ladder is a struggle and most agree that giving 100 per cent to career, family, and personal fulfilment is not doable all at once. Here, we speak to the mothers who claim women 'can't have it all'...
'We think we can have it all... the truth hit me like a runaway train'
Holly Matthews, from Coventry, is mother to Brooke, 13, and Texas, 11, and a self-development coach and founder of The Happy Me Project.
Holly said: 'We think we can have it all. When I became a mum, I truly believed that everything would stay the same, only now I'd have a baby on my hip. The truth hit me like a runaway train.
'We aren't enough, we aren't enough to do everything. No one is. This myth that we can juggle it all, or that women are 'great at multitasking' sends us into burnout (and FYI we don't choose to multitask, we are cornered into this behaviour). Truthfully, we are only ever doing one thing well at any one time.
'When I'm working on my business, I am not spending time with my kids, when I'm spending time with my kids, my business admin piles up high and when I'm doing either of these things the piles of washing and dishes pile up higher than that.
'My mental load is so high every day that socialising or time for me must be so heavily scheduled in advance, or it would never happen.
'Women can be whatever the hell they like, of course they can! Women are strong, resilient and brave but when we win in one area, another area pays the price.
'We can do our very best to juggle it all, but this eventually just erodes our sense of self and is ultimately just another form of people pleasing.'
'I don't think it's fair to have another child as life is so crazy'
Mother-of-one Laura Kay is founder of permanent makeup business Laura Kay London in Hertfordshire.
Laura said: 'Many women enter motherhood with the optimistic view that they can balance a successful career with family life, striving to 'have it all.'
'But the reality is a different picture. Juggling the demands of work and raising children can be a big challenge, leading to sacrifices in various aspects of life.
'For some women like me, this means sacrificing precious time with our families, as work commitments take over our days. There is very little room for quality time with loved ones and most certainly no time for self care days!
'I would say personally I was so career focused that I feel I don't really remember the early years of having a baby.
'I went back to work after six weeks after having a caesarean section on New Year's Day in 2017, I never had maternity leave and watched my friends have a year off with their babies but I was so career focused that I didn't even think what I was missing out on.
'Now seven years later I try and have more of a balance and I make sure I do school pick ups as I feel these are things I remember as a child.
'I also decided to only have one child as I don't think it's fair to have another child as life is so crazy and I want to now give all my energy to him and give him the best life I can.
'I've always wanted to be independent and not rely on anyone so I know I can fend for myself if I need to, I think that sets a great example to my little man.
'In my parents generation things were very different, my mum didn't work due to the cost of child care it was better for her to stay at home but things are very different now as most of my friends do work and juggle everything.
'I actually love my work and I call it my hobby. I'm so lucky to enjoy what I do, I wish I could get some of those baby years back now as time soon goes by and I can't believe how quick seven years has gone!'
'I've acknowledged that it's impossible for one woman to do everything'
Mother-of-one Rebecca Tidy, 37, is a freelance writer and researcher, from Falmouth. She has a daughter, Mabel, six.
Rebecca said: 'I worked hard for the PhD that I proudly obtained from the same Russell Group university as my dad. And afterwards, I secured my dream job as a policing lecturer.
'Nothing made me happier than the validation of publishing my research in the best academic journals. In fact, I was so dedicated to my career that I worked from my hospital bed on the night before my emergency C-section.
'Maternity leave was tough, as I was alone with a newborn. Mabel was born prematurely, leaving her with breathing difficulties until the age of two and severe allergies.
'It felt ironic that my then-fiancé was promoted to partner at his prestigious accounting firm soon after I gave birth. He was out of the house for 12 hours a day, while I got to grips with nappies and vomit.
'Though I returned to work when Mabel was aged one, I found myself taking weeks off – or working from home – as she was poorly. I was too embarrassed to admit it, but I was exhausted and unwell too. Despite my best efforts, I was failing everyone.
'The final straw came when my boss texted to ask why I missed a deadline, while I was in A and E with Mabel. I politely handed in my notice the next day with the intention of spending a year working from home as a freelance writer. However, I've not returned to my academic career since.
'It's been a financial stretch, as my income has halved. I'm often jealous of my 'mum' friends that kept their full-time careers. They're professors now, whereas I'm single parenting and doing twice-daily school runs.
'I do, however, still think that reining back my career goals was the right decision. Mabel's now a healthy, happy six-year-old with bags of confidence. We have wonderful memories together from gardening to baking cupcakes.
'Though I've been recovering from cancer, I'm feeling energetic and cheerful once again. I've acknowledged that it's impossible for one woman to do everything.'
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/parenting/article-13542469/Paloma-Faith-mothers-all.html
**************************************************The constitution is NOT a "social contract" and nobody can define what "the common good" is
Two abiding myths that fall apart when you look at them
The National Constitution Center in Philadelphia hosted an online discussion recently about the new book The Year of Living Constitutionally: One Man’s Humble Quest to Follow the Constitution’s Original Meaning. The conversation featured the book’s author, journalist A. J. Jacobs, and NCC president and CEO Jeffrey Rosen. I encourage readers to watch the entire discussion; this post will focus on only a short excerpt.
During the discussion, Mr. Jacobs said, “You have natural rights, you were born with natural rights, but those rights, once you enter into society, you made a contract, and those rights have to be balanced against the common good” (clip at 24:17).
It is unclear whether Jacobs was expressing his own viewpoint or reciting a common perspective (my guess, based on the context, is both). Regardless, Jacobs’s statement contains several enduring, dangerous myths that have been retold in classrooms so many times that they are seldom challenged despite being wrong.
Myth #1: The U.S. Constitution is a contract between the People and the State.
The Constitution is not a contract. It does not contain, and never has, the elements of a contract. According to the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School,
A contract is an agreement between parties, creating mutual obligations that are enforceable by law. The basic elements required for the agreement to be a legally enforceable contract are: mutual assent, expressed by a valid offer and acceptance; adequate consideration; capacity; and legality.
The People have never entered into a contract with the State. This was emphasized by Independent Institute senior fellow Robert Higgs in his essay titled “Consent of the Governed, Revisited”:
[I]n regard to the so-called social contract, I have often had occasion to protest that I haven’t even seen the contract, much less been asked to consent to it. A valid contract requires voluntary offer, acceptance, and consideration. I’ve never received an offer from my rulers, so I certainly have not accepted one; and rather than consideration, I have received nothing but contempt from the rulers, who, notwithstanding the absence of any agreement, have indubitably threatened me with grave harm in the event that I fail to comply with their edicts.
No one in their right mind would voluntarily consent to a document that binds them to a group indefinitely that can “legally” take their income, wealth, and liberty at any time based on an institutional majority vote. American philosopher Lysander Spooner pointed out in 1867, “To say that majorities, as such, have a right to rule minorities, is equivalent to saying that minorities have, and ought to have, no rights, except such as majorities please to allow them.”
A randomly selected individual in the United States has greater certainty of service delivery at a specified price by their wireless provider because of a contract than they do with their federal, state, or local government based on any constitution or charter. For example, many people may be surprised to learn that the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the police do not have a general constitutional duty to protect someone from harm. Tragically, parents in Uvalde, Texas, among others, have learned this the hard way. Ordinary citizens would be better served by private security agencies operating under contracts that specify the terms (duties) of protection than they are currently served by government law enforcement agencies operating under local or state authority.
The U.S. Constitution is not a contract. It has never received the consent of the governed, and based on how governments treat their subjects, few people would voluntarily consent to its terms if given the opportunity.
Myth #2: The “common good” exists and it can be discerned.
Despite having been slain more than 70 years ago, the notion of the “common good” is a myth that lives on like a zombie. In a 1951 monograph titled Social Choice and Individual Values, Nobel laureate economist Kenneth J. Arrow demonstrated that it is generally impossible to determine the “common good.” The Arrow (impossibility) theorem, as it became known, assumes several noncontroversial conditions, for example, that each individual has complete and transitive preferences regarding the outcomes under consideration in a collective-choice context, such as voting.
According to MIT researcher S. M. Amadae, Arrow’s theorem proves that it is impossible to construct “any mathematical procedure [i.e., a social choice rule] for amalgamating individual preferences that results in a collectively rational preference ordering of all the possible outcomes.” The implications of Arrow’s theorem are profound. As Amadae explained, “The theorem rejects the notion of a collective democratic will, whether derived through civic deliberation or construed by experts who paternalistically apply knowledge of what is best for a population.”
Individual rights, preferences, and interests do exist, and those often motivate individuals to align into groups or factions. However, there is no “common good,” “general welfare,” or “the public.” Those are aggregation fallacies.
Returning to A. J. Jacobs’s statement above, since there is no common good, it is nonsensical to say that “balancing” natural rights achieves outcomes closer to the common good.
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Why Are So Many Food and Beverage Products Being Recalled?
A Newsweek investigation finds that at least 350 food and beverage products are under recalls mandated by the Food and Drug Administration. A short list of these products includes cookies, shellfish, cucumbers, frozen pizzas, frozen fruits, pasta, salad kits, smoked salmon, hummus, shrimp, lemonade, granola bars, cantaloupes, and ice cream.
It’s a long, extensive, and confusing list. Some products have been under recall since 2018, meaning the FDA has taken six years to find the issue, reinspect the goods, and confirm newer production meets its standards.
Others remained on the list well after their producers addressed any sanitation concerns. Newsweek also reports, “Items like enoki mushrooms stayed live on the FDA website for more than a year… when the outbreak was declared over last year.”
It’s also unclear if some items were linked to hospitalization or other illnesses before being recalled. Newsweek’s list includes 31 meat, dairy, and egg products. These are partially regulated by the Food and Safety Inspection Service, a subagency of the US Department of Agriculture. Despite being recalled by the FDA, the FSIS does not report any illnesses or other noteworthy issues associated with these products.
Perhaps most concerning, some of these recalls have been disastrous recently. As part of this list, the FDA recalled four infant formula producers, some of whom received official warning letters. The catastrophic infant formula shortage of 2022 began with one recall. Due to a single FDA-mandated recall, there is an ongoing national shortage of hypoallergenic infant formula.
There are many reasons that products can be contaminated—and should be recalled or safety issues. But clearly, that’s only part of this story. Much of the problem boils down to incentives.
Whether it’s regulating apples, formula, cancer drugs, or birth control, the FDA’s incentives as a regulatory bureaucracy are to minimize the risk of harmful goods reaching customers. Consequently, it lengthens, increases, and intensifies scrutiny over the goods it regulates—even to an excessive level. That’s a big reason the FDA’s recall list is long enough that the agency itself can’t keep current or accurate.
Fortunately, with few exceptions, foodborne illnesses across the United States have decreased since 2009—largely thanks to health and agricultural technology improvements. We have fewer reasons to be concerned about whether our food and beverages are safe to consume. On the flip side, we have more reasons to be skeptical about the regulators deciding this for us.
https://blog.independent.org/2024/06/13/why-are-so-many-food-and-beverage-products-being-recalled/
****************************************My other blogs. Main ones below:
http://dissectleft.blogspot.com (DISSECTING LEFTISM)
http://edwatch.blogspot.com (EDUCATION WATCH)
http://antigreen.blogspot.com (GREENIE WATCH)
http://australian-politics.blogspot.com (AUSTRALIAN POLITICS)
http://snorphty.blogspot.com/ (TONGUE-TIED)
https://immigwatch.blogspot.com (IMMIGRATION WATCH)
https://awesternheart.blogspot.com (THE PSYCHOLOGIST)
http://jonjayray.com/blogall.html More blogs
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